Losing a job is a stressful and often confronting experience. The Fair Work Act 2009 provides a safety net for employees who believe they have been dismissed in a way that is harsh, unjust, or unreasonable. This is known as an unfair dismissal claim. Navigating this process can be daunting, especially when faced with strict deadlines and legal complexities. This post will guide you through the essentials of unfair dismissal claims, the process at the Fair Work Commission, and the critical timeframes you need to know. What is Unfair Dismissal? An unfair dismissal occurs when the Fair Work Commission finds that: You were dismissed, and The dismissal was harsh, unjust, or unreasonable, and The dismissal was not a case of genuine redundancy, and If you worked for a small business, the dismissal was not consistent with the Small Business Fair Dismissal Code. Harsh refers to the disproportionate consequences of the dismissal on your personal and economic situation. Unjust means you were not guilty of the alleged misconduct or that the employer's reasoning was unfounded. Unreasonable suggests the employer acted without a sufficient evidentiary basis for their decision. To be eligible to make an unfair dismissal claim, you must have completed a minimum period of employment: Six months for businesses with 15 or more employees. 12 months for small businesses with fewer than 15 employees. Additionally, you must be covered by a modern award or enterprise agreement, or your annual earnings must be below the high-income threshold (which is updated annually). The Clock is Ticking: The 21-Day Rule This is the most critical aspect of an unfair dismissal claim. You have 21 calendar days from the date your dismissal took effect to lodge an application with the Fair Work Commission. The day your employment ends is day zero. This deadline is strictly enforced. While the Commission can grant an extension in "exceptional circumstances" (such as a serious illness or a delay caused by your representative), these are rarely granted. It is vital to act immediately if you believe you have been unfairly dismissed. The Unfair Dismissal Process: A Step-by-Step Guide Once you lodge your application (Form F2) with the Fair Work Commission, a structured process begins: Step 1: Application and Employer Response After you file your application and pay the required fee, the Commission will send a copy to your former employer. The employer then has 7 days to lodge a response, which may include objections to your claim (for example, that you were not an employee or that you filed out of time). Step 2: Conciliation In most cases, the next step is a conciliation conference, which is typically held via telephone between three to five weeks after the application is lodged. This is an informal process where an independent conciliator from the Commission facilitates a confidential discussion between you and your former employer. The goal of conciliation is to help both parties reach a mutually agreeable settlement without needing a formal hearing. A settlement could include financial compensation, a statement of service, or an agreement for the dismissal to be recorded as a resignation or all of the above. Anything said during conciliation is "without prejudice," meaning it cannot be used against you if the matter proceeds to a hearing. Most cases settle at conciliation. Step 3: Hearing or Conference If the matter is not resolved at conciliation, it will proceed to a more formal stage. This could be a conference or a hearing before a Commission Member. At this stage, both you and your former employer will need to present evidence and witness testimony to support your respective cases. The Commission will then make a formal decision based on the merits of the arguments presented. Remedies for Unfair Dismissal If the Fair Work Commission finds that you have been unfairly dismissed, it can order one of two primary remedies: Reinstatement: This is considered the primary remedy, where you are given your job back with no loss of continuity of service. Compensation: If reinstatement is not appropriate (for example, if the employment relationship has completely broken down), the Commission can order compensation. This is capped at the lesser of 26 weeks' pay or half the high-income threshold. A Note for Small Businesses The Fair Work Act has special provisions for small businesses. If a small business employer follows the Small Business Fair Dismissal Code, the dismissal will be deemed fair. The Code requires employers to have a valid reason for dismissal based on capacity or conduct and to provide warnings (unless the dismissal is for serious misconduct). This provides a clearer framework for small businesses to follow to ensure they are acting fairly. If you have been dismissed and believe it was unfair, it is crucial to seek legal advice as soon as possible to understand your rights and ensure you do not miss the strict 21-day deadline.

As family lawyers, we have observed that the rise of blended families brings unique legal and emotional challenges, particularly in the realm of step-parenting. While love and good intentions are foundational, navigating the complexities of step-parenting often necessitates a clear understanding of legal rights and responsibilities. Step-parents, in most cases, do not automatically possess the same legal rights as biological parents. This can create ambiguity and potential conflict regarding decision-making for the child, including healthcare, education, and discipline. Moreover, the dynamics between step-parents and step-children can be delicate, requiring patience, understanding, and effective communication to build trust and establish healthy relationships. In some cases, step-parents may wish to formalise their role through adoption or obtaining a parenting order. This can provide legal recognition and authority, but it's a complex process with specific requirements and potential implications for the child's relationship with their other biological parents. We advise step-parents on their legal standing, rights, and options for formalising their role. We also assist in navigating potential disputes with the child's other biological parent, aiming to find solutions that prioritize the child's best interests. Open communication, empathy, and a willingness to compromise are crucial in these situations.  Blended families require careful navigation and a commitment to open communication and understanding. By seeking legal advice and prioritizing the child's well-being, step-parents can successfully navigate the challenges and build strong, loving relationships within their blended family.

For any business owner, the sale or acquisitio n of a business is one of the most significant and complex undertakings of their career. It’s a high-stakes environment where fortunes can be made, and crippling liabilities can be inadvertently inherited. While business brokers, accountants, and financial advisors all play vital roles, it is the lawyer who acts as the architect and guardian of the entire process, ensuring the deal is not only profitable but legally sound. From the initial handshake to the final transfer of funds, and long after, a lawyer's involvement is critical to navigating the intricate legal landscape of a business transaction. Their role extends far beyond simply "drafting the paperwork"; they are strategists, risk managers, and expert negotiators who protect your interests at every turn. Here’s a breakdown of how lawyers play an indispensable part in the acquisition and sale of businesses. 1. The Strategic Preparatory Stage Long before a buyer is found or a target is identified, the groundwork for a successful transaction is laid. For Sellers: A lawyer helps prepare the business for sale, a process often called "vendor due diligence." This involves getting the company's "house in order" by reviewing and organising key contracts, employment agreements, leases, intellectual property registrations, and corporate records. By identifying and rectifying potential legal issues upfront, a seller can present a cleaner, more attractive asset to the market, maximising value and preventing delays down the track. For Buyers: A lawyer assists in structuring the potential acquisition. Will it be a purchase of shares or a purchase of the business assets? Each structure has vastly different legal and tax implications concerning employee entitlements, contracts, and liabilities. A lawyer's early advice on the optimal structure (subject to the accountants view) is fundamental to the entire deal. They will also assist in drafting and negotiating a Heads of Agreement, a preliminary, often non-binding document that outlines the key commercial terms of the proposed transaction and sets the roadmap for the deal. 2. Navigating the Depths of Due Diligence The due diligence (DD) process is arguably the most critical phase of any acquisition. This is the buyer's opportunity to conduct a thorough investigation into the target business to verify the seller's claims and uncover any potential risks or liabilities. The buyer's lawyer will lead the legal due diligence process, which involves: Corporate Structure: Verifying the company is in good standing and properly structured. Material Contracts: Analysing key customer and supplier contracts. Are they transferable? Are there change-of-control clauses that could terminate the agreement upon sale? Employment Issues: Reviewing employment contracts, enterprise agreements, and compliance with workplace laws to identify risks of employee claims or underpayment issues. Property and Leases: Examining property titles and lease agreements for any onerous terms, assignment rights, or "make good" obligations. Intellectual Property (IP): Ensuring that valuable IP like trademarks, patents, and domain names are properly registered and owned by the seller. Litigation and Disputes: Uncovering any current or threatened legal disputes that could become the buyer's problem. The findings from this process are compiled into a detailed Due Diligence Report, which not only informs the buyer's decision to proceed but also provides crucial leverage for negotiating warranties and price adjustments. 3. Drafting and Negotiating the Core Agreements This is where the commercial terms of the deal are translated into a legally binding contract. The primary document is the Business Sale Agreement (BSA) or Asset Sale Agreement. The lawyer's role here is to meticulously draft and negotiate the terms of this complex document to protect their client's interests. Key areas of focus include: Warranties and Indemnities: Warranties are statements of fact from the seller about the state of the business. If a warranty proves to be untrue, the buyer can claim for breach. Indemnities are specific promises from the seller to cover the buyer for identified risks (e.g., an ongoing tax audit). A seller's lawyer will seek to limit these, while a buyer's lawyer will push for the broadest possible protection. Conditions Precedent: These are the "walk away" conditions that must be met before the deal can be completed, such as obtaining key regulatory approvals, landlord consent for the transfer of a lease, or key employees signing new employment contracts. Restraints of Trade: The buyer will want to prevent the seller from setting up a competing business or poaching clients and employees for a reasonable period. The lawyer ensures these clauses are enforceable and provide adequate protection. Liability Caps: Negotiating the limits on the seller's liability for any warranty claims, including time limits for making claims and financial caps. 4. A Commercial Mindset: The Lawyer as a Deal Facilitator, Not a Barrier By nature and training, lawyers are conservative and risk-averse. Their primary function is to identify risk and protect their client from potential liability. However, an exceptional M&A lawyer understands that their role is not to be a barrier to the deal. In the commercial world, almost every transaction involves an element of risk. The lawyer's job is not to simply say "no" or to block progress at the first sign of trouble. Instead, their role is to: Quantify Risk: Clearly explain the nature and potential consequences of a specific risk, allowing the client to understand its commercial implications. Find Solutions: Proactively propose creative solutions to legal hurdles. This could involve negotiating a specific indemnity, structuring a purchase price adjustment, or arranging for warranty and indemnity insurance. Provide Strategic Advice: Offer a balanced view that considers the client's commercial objectives. They should provide the legal framework that empowers the client to make a well-informed business decision, weighing the identified risks against the potential rewards of the transaction. A lawyer who is a "deal killer" fails to serve their client's ultimate commercial goal. The best legal advisors act as facilitators, using their legal expertise to find a safe and effective path to get the deal done. 5. The Critical Path to Closing (Completion) Once the BSA is signed, the lawyer manages the process through to completion. This involves coordinating with all parties to ensure the conditions precedent are satisfied, preparing all ancillary documents (such as director resignations, share transfers, and security releases), and managing the flow of funds. On the day of completion, the lawyers for both sides will work through a checklist to ensure every step is completed correctly, culminating in the formal transfer of ownership. It is a detail-oriented process where precision is paramount. 6. Essential Post-Closing Support The lawyer's role doesn't necessarily end once the funds have cleared. They assist with post-completion obligations, such as notifying relevant authorities of the change in ownership and managing any potential warranty claims that may arise in the months following the sale. Conclusion: Your Most Valuable Partner in a Transaction Engaging a skilled and experienced commercial lawyer from the very beginning of a business sale or acquisition is not an expense—it's an investment in the success and security of your transaction. They are the architects who structure the deal, the investigators who uncover hidden risks, the negotiators who fight for favourable terms, and the commercial facilitators who find solutions to legal challenges. In the complex and high-stakes world of M&A, your lawyer is your most valuable partner.

Harness racing, a thrilling spectacle of speed and strategy, isn't just about horses and sulkies flying around a track. Behind the scenes, a robust system of licensing and registration ensures fairness, safety, and the integrity of the sport. Just like any professional athletic endeavor, harness racing has its own set of rules and regulations, particularly when it comes to who can participate. Let's pull back the curtain and explore the crucial aspects of licensing and registration in harness racing: Horses: The Stars of the Show Registration: Every harness racing horse must be registered with the relevant governing body. This process involves detailed documentation, including pedigree information, markings, and ownership details. This helps maintain accurate records, prevent fraud, and ensure the horse's eligibility to race. Identification: Horses are typically microchipped or branded for easy identification. This is crucial for verifying their identity, especially during pre-race checks and post-race analyses. Health and Welfare: Strict regulations are in place concerning the health and welfare of racing horses. Veterinary inspections, drug testing, and restrictions on medications are common practices to ensure the horses are fit and treated humanely. Trainers: The Masterminds Behind the Scenes Licensing: Trainers must obtain a license to train and prepare horses for racing. This usually involves passing examinations that demonstrate knowledge of horse care, training techniques, and racing rules. Responsibilities: Licensed trainers are responsible for the health, well-being, and performance of their horses. They must adhere to strict ethical guidelines and ensure their horses are racing fairly. Record Keeping: Trainers are required to maintain detailed records of their horses' training, treatments, and race performances. This documentation helps track the horses' progress and ensures transparency. Drivers: The Skilled Pilots of the Sulky Licensing: Drivers, who guide the horses during races, must also obtain a license. The licensing process typically involves demonstrating driving skills, knowledge of racing rules, and physical fitness. Experience and Skill: Licenses are often tiered based on experience and skill level. This ensures that drivers are qualified to handle the speed and pressure of harness racing. Conduct and Safety: Drivers are expected to adhere to strict rules of conduct during races, prioritizing the safety of themselves, other drivers, and the horses. Owners: The Passionate Supporters Registration: While not always requiring a formal "license," owners must register their ownership of racing horses with the governing body. This ensures transparency and helps track ownership changes. Financial Responsibilities: Owners are responsible for the financial upkeep of their horses, including training, veterinary care, and racing expenses. Compliance: Owners are expected to comply with all racing rules and regulations, including those related to horse welfare and ethical conduct. Why is Licensing and Registration So Important?  Fairness: A well-regulated licensing and registration system ensures a level playing field for all participants. Safety: Strict rules concerning horse health, driver conduct, and equipment contribute to a safer racing environment. Integrity: Regulations help prevent fraud, doping, and other unethical practices that could compromise the integrity of the sport. Animal Welfare: Strict guidelines regarding horse care and treatment prioritize the well-being of the animals. Public Trust: A robust regulatory system builds public trust in the sport, ensuring that harness racing is conducted ethically and professionally. In conclusion, the licensing and registration processes in harness racing are essential for maintaining the sport's integrity, ensuring fairness, and prioritising the safety and welfare of all involved. From the majestic horses to the skilled drivers, every participant is subject to a system of rules and regulations that uphold the highest standards. So, the next time you watch a harness race, remember the intricate system that operates behind the scenes, ensuring a thrilling and ethical spectacle.

As family lawyers, we’ve witnessed the devastating financial consequences of deception and fraud in relationships, amplified by the anonymity and ease of online dating. Protecting yourself from financial fraud during a divorce, especially after meeting a partner online, requires vigilance and a proactive approach. Firstly, full financial disclosure is paramount . Both parties must be transparent about their assets, liabilities, income, and expenses. If you suspect your partner is hiding assets, engage a forensic accountant to investigate. Be wary of unusual financial activity, like large withdrawals or transfers to unknown accounts. Secondly, document everything . Keep records of financial transactions, communications, and any suspicious behavior. This evidence can be crucial in court if you need to prove financial misconduct. Thirdly, seek legal advice early . A lawyer can guide you through the legal process, protect your rights, and advise on strategies to uncover hidden assets and secure a fair financial settlement.  Remember, trust but verify . Don't let emotions cloud your judgment when it comes to finances. Be cautious about sharing personal or financial information too soon, and be wary of requests for money or investments. By taking these precautions and seeking professional guidance, you can protect yourself from financial fraud and achieve a just and equitable outcome in your divorce.

Forget dusty legal tomes – the recent decision of Angius v Angius [2025] NSWCA 113 from the New South Wales Court of Appeal is a real-life family drama with a multi-million dollar twist! This isn't just another dry legal ruling; it's a powerful reminder that sometimes, even the most carefully crafted will can be challenged, especially when a grandchild's future hangs in the balance. Imagine this: a vast estate, almost $30 million, left entirely to one daughter. Sounds straightforward, right? Not so fast. Enter Natalie Angius, the granddaughter, who dared to ask a crucial question: "What about me?" And in a move that's shaking up succession law, the courts said, "She has a point!" The Angius Saga: A Battle for Inheritance At the heart of this captivating case was the considerable fortune of Giovanni (John) Angius. His final will was clear: every cent to his daughter, Jenny. No mention of Natalie. But Natalie, facing the challenges of multiple sclerosis, wasn't content to be overlooked. She launched a family provision claim, arguing that despite the will, her grandfather had a moral duty to provide for her. The initial judge agreed, awarding Natalie a staggering $2.55 million. Jenny, understandably, appealed. But the NSW Court of Appeal, in a decision that resonated with fairness and compassion, upheld the original ruling. Unpacking the Court's Decision: Beyond the Black and White So, what made Natalie's claim so compelling? It wasn't just about being a grandchild. The Court's reasoning delved into the nuanced realities of their relationship and Natalie's life: The Unseen Threads of Dependency: This wasn't a case of basic needs. The Court recognised that John's financial support to Natalie, particularly after her MS diagnosis, was significant and went beyond mere gestures of affection. It gradually evolved to replace her income, effectively making her partially dependent on him. This expanded interpretation of "dependency" is a game-changer, showing that support needn't be for "survival" to count. More Than Just Money: "Factors Warranting" Intervention: It wasn't solely about the financial lifeline. The Court looked at the entire picture: the deep bond between grandfather and granddaughter, Natalie's vulnerability due to her chronic illness, and even John's earlier intentions, which had indicated he did intend to provide for her. This demonstrates that a court can override a testator's final will if there's a strong moral obligation to provide for a claimant. The Weight of an "Extremely Large" Estate: Let's be frank, $2.55 million is a substantial sum. But in the context of an almost $30 million estate, the Court deemed it entirely appropriate. This signals that in cases of immense wealth, courts are more likely to ensure that those with a genuine claim and demonstrable need are adequately provided for. What Does This Mean for Your Family and Your Will? Angius v Angius isn't just a legal precedent; it's a cautionary tale and a powerful lesson for anyone planning their estate or facing a similar family dilemma: Grandchildren Are No Longer "Outsiders": If you thought your will was ironclad against claims from grandchildren, think again. This case proves that with sufficient evidence of dependency and compelling circumstances, they can successfully challenge a will. Dependency Isn't Just About Rent and Groceries: The definition of "dependency" has broadened. If you're providing significant financial support, even for what might seem like "extras" or during difficult times, it could be seen as creating a moral obligation. Your "Final Word" Might Not Be the Final Word: While a will reflects your wishes, the courts retain the power to adjust those wishes if they believe there's a moral duty to provide for someone who has been overlooked, especially in very large estates. The Power of Proactive Planning: This case shouts out the importance of comprehensive estate planning. Don't just tick boxes. Have candid conversations with your loved ones, consider all potential claimants, and document your decisions clearly, especially if you're intentionally excluding someone who might have a perceived claim. A well-reasoned explanation in your will can make all the difference. Angius v Angius [2025] NSWCA 113 is more than a legal case; it's a human story about family, illness, and the enduring quest for fairness. It serves as a stark reminder that in the eyes of the law, sometimes, the bonds of family can transcend the written word, even in the most significant of estates.

In the modern economy, flexibility is king. For many businesses, engaging contractors appears to be a smart, agile way to manage workloads and access specialised skills without the perceived administrative burdens of hiring a permanent employee. But what if that "contractor" you've engaged is, in the eyes of the law, actually an employee?

Divorce is a significant life event that often triggers a range of emotions, including grief, anger, confusion, and anxiety. It's essential to recognise that these feelings are valid and to seek support during this time.

Estate planning. It can sound daunting, complex, and something "for later." But the truth is, it's one of the most thoughtful and empowering things you can do for yourself and your loved ones. To demystify the process, we sat down with Andrew Pacini, a seasoned Estate Planning Lawyer at Hammond Nguyen Turnbull to answer your most pressing questions.